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Somos uma civilização viciada em eletricidade. Estamos tão acostumados a acionar interruptores e ter as benesses dos elétrons fluindo em uma rede invisível que se estende por todos os prédios e casas, que nem pensamos mais no que elas significam. Isto é, até o governo anunciar que vai haver racionamento de energia, e que os famosos "apagões" começarão a atormentar nossas vidas até agora tão confortáveis…
Depois de desfrutar de décadas de energia elétrica abundante e barata, o Brasil acordou bruscamente para uma realidade que só nos atingia ocasionalmente, durante alguma tempestade, e, mesmo assim, por poucas horas. Aprendemos (novamente), no entanto, que a falta de planejamento a longo prazo no setor energético é fatal, pois uma usina hidroelétrica demora muito tempo para ser construída e custa muito, muito dinheiro. Qualquer idiota consegue enxergar que a equação composta pelo crescimento da economia brasileira, com o fim da inflação e a queda dos juros, e pela privatização das empresas de eletricidade só poderia levar a esse resultado. Não precisa ir muito longe, nem muito tempo atrás: a Califórnia, o estado mais rico do país mais rico do mundo, está exatamente nesse momento convivendo com uma situação dessas, como se fosse uma "banana republic" latino-americana qualquer. E pelos mesmos motivos citados acima.
O sistema de geração e distribuição elétrica é o verdadeiro apanágio da civilização moderna, amparada na alta tecnologia. No entanto, é muito recente, historicamente (foi inventado por Thomas Alva Edison. A primeira cidade do mundo a ter uma rede elétrica foi Nova Iorque, em 1882) e ainda está ausente para uma parcela não desprezível da população mundial, seja por isolamento geográfico, pobreza ou opção consciente. No Brasil, uma grande parte das zonas rurais ainda não tem acesso à grade de energia elétrica. Nos estados da Amazônia, são comuníssimas as cidades que têm energia quatro horas sim, quatro horas não. Nos Estados Unidos, a comunidade dos menonitas (
Amish), vive totalmente sem eletricidade. É uma seita religiosa cristã radical, que não aceita telefones, rádios, TVs, automóveis ou qualquer outra invenção moderna que use fios. Em áreas frequentemente sujeitas a tufões, furacões, tornados, tempestades tropicais, tempestades de gelo ou neve, a falha de energia elétrica é uma coisa da vida. A tal ponto que nos EUA existem lojas dedicadas a vender aparelhos que funcionam sem eletricidade ou com fontes de energia alternativa, tais como refrigeradores a gás, sistemas de som movidos a manivela, liquidificadores operados manualmente (fabricados no Peru!), sistemas de aquecimento que usam painéis solares, lampiões de querosene, bombas manuais, baterias de longa duração, geradores elétricos movidos a gasolina ou a rodas d'água, e outras curiosidades (veja uma delas em
http://www.lehmans.com).
Um exemplo de como as pessoas conseguem viver sem eletricidade durante "apagões" de longa duração ocorreu em 1998, em quatro províncias do Canadá e quatro estados do norte dos EUA. Cerca de 5 milhões de pessoas ficaram sem eletricidade por cinco semanas, devido a uma tempestade de gelo, que derrubou mais de 1.000 torres de transmissão de grande porte e cerca de 35.000 postes de madeira e 7.500 transformadores. Foi o acúmulo de gelo nos fios que causou esse desastre (é por isso que a maioria das cidades setentrionais têm fios de eletricidade subterrâneos: quando brasileiros as visitam, a primeira coisa que notam é a ausência dos postes e fios que se entrecruzam no ar de nossa paisagem urbana). No Canada, 20% da força de trabalho teve que parar, muitas vezes por uma semana ou mais, e 100 mil pessoas tiveram que sair de casa e ir para abrigos. Detalhe: isso ocorreu no auge do inverno daquela região, que é terrível. Muitas pessoas morreram de frio em casa, ou indiretamente, de doenças causadas pela exposição a ele.
O impacto da falta de eletricidade é muito maior e alcança muito mais longe do que se imagina. Por exemplo, na crise acima, a cidade de Montreál, uma das maiores do Canada, ficou sem água, devido à falha do sistema de bombeamento e tratamento. Mesmo na área rural o efeito é sentido: no Canadá, cerca de 5.500 fazendas que dependiam de ordenhadeiras eletromecânicas tiveram uma brutal queda de produção, pois a única alternativa era ordenhar à mão…Só não morreu mais gente porque os americanos do norte e os canadenses temem o inverno como a própria morte, e são relativamente previdentes. A maioria das casas sobreviveu ao frio e à falta de eletricidade graças a milhares de pequenos geradores individuais à gasolina (japoneses…).
É o que todos nós deveríamos estar preocupados em comprar, agora. Nos dá uma sensação de irrealidade, de coisa absurda, imaginar que o racionamento virá para valer. Vamos ter que aprender truques que apenas nossas bisavós sabiam, para manter a comida fresca, cozinhar, lavar, limpar e iluminar a casa, e nos entretermos à noite. Com certeza vai aumentar a natalidade! E pode esquecer a Internet.
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